A Task Decomposition Framework for Aircraft Health Diagnosis: Balancing Safety and Efficiency via Heterogeneous Long-Micro Scale Cascading

Abstract

Real-world aircraft health diagnosis requires balancing accuracy with computational constraints under extreme class imbalance and environmental uncertainty. This paper presents an engineering application of heterogeneous task decomposition for deployable intelligent fault diagnosis. The proposed Long-Micro Scale Diagnostician (LMSD) explicitly decouples global anomaly detection (full-sequence attention) from micro-scale fault classification (restricted receptive fields), resolving the receptive field paradox while minimizing training overhead. A knowledge distillation-based interpretability module provides physically traceable explanations for safety-critical validation. Experiments on the public National General Aviation Flight Information Database (NGAFID) dataset (28,935 flights, 36 categories) demonstrate 4-8% improvement in safety-critical metrics (MCWPM) with 4.2 times training acceleration and 46\% model compression compared to end-to-end baselines, substantiating deployability in resource-constrained aviation environments.